Alkoxycarbonylphosphonic acid derivative brush control agents

ABSTRACT

Alkoxycarbonylphosphonic acids and alkylthiocarbonylphosphonic acids and esters and salts of these acids such as diammonium methoxycarbonylphosphonate are useful for regulation of the growth rate of plants.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a division of application Ser. No. 616,837, filed Sept. 25, 1975, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,033,749.

This application is a continuation-in-part of my copending application Ser. No. 474,536, filed May 30, 1974, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,943,201 which in turn is a continuation-in-part of my copending application Ser. No. 397,723, filed Sept. 17, 1973, now abandoned, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of my copending application Ser. No. 381,620, filed July 23, 1973, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to novel alkoxycarbonylphosphonic acids and (alkylthio)carbonylphosphonic acids and their use as plant growth regulants. The use of various carbamoylphosphonates for control of plant growth is known. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 3,627,507 and German Offenlegungsschrift No. 2,040,367. However, neither of these references suggests the compounds of this invention. Further, some of the active compounds within the scope of this invention are known. U.S. Pat. No. 3,033,891 discloses esters and salts of (alkylthio)carbonylphosphonic acid, but the reference does not suggest the plant growth regulant activity of these compounds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is M; alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, optionally substituted with a chlorine, bromine, fluorine or iodine; alkenyl of 3 to 8 carbon atoms; or ##STR2## WHEREIN A is chlorine or methyl,

B is chlorine or methyl,

n is 0 or 1, and

m is 0 or 1;

R₅ is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 3 to 4 carbon atoms, or benzyl;

X is oxygen or sulfur;

Y is oxygen or sulfur, provided that when Y is sulfur, X is sulfur; and when X is sulfur, R is not hydrogen;

M is hydrogen, sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, barium, or ##STR3## wherein R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or hydroxyalkyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms;

R₂ is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or hydroxyalkyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms;

R₃ is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or hydroxyalkyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms; and

R₄ is hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 12 carbon atoms,

Provided that the total number of carbon atoms in R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ is less than 16

are useful as plant growth regulants. These compounds and salts are particularly useful for retarding the growth of woody plants. The compounds and salts can be applied to plants by directly contacting the plants with the compounds or by applying the compounds or salts to the soil in which the plants grow. Both of these modes of application are encompassed within the term "applying to plants" as used herein.

Preferred compounds of this invention include those compounds of Formula I where

R is alkyl of 1 to 4 carbons, benzyl or M;

M is hydrogen, sodium, potassium or ammonium;

R₅ is alkyl of 1 to 3 carbons;

X is oxygen or sulfur,

provided that when X is sulfur, R is not hydrogen; and

Y is oxygen.

The most preferred compounds of this invention are methoxycarbonylphosphonic acid, diammonium methoxycarbonylphosphonate, ethyl sodium methoxycarbonylphosphonate, and methyl sodium methoxycarbonylphosphonate.

The compounds of this invention having the formula ##STR4## where Z is oxygen or sulfur and R, M and R₅ are defined as above, provided that when Z is sulfur, R is not hydrogen, are novel.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The alkoxycarbonylphosphonic acids and (alkylthio)carbonylphosphonic acids of this invention are readily prepared by the interaction of dialkyl alkoxycarbonylphosphonates or (alkylthio)carbonylphosphonates with hydrogen iodide. Salts of these acids are prepared by reacting the acids with one or two equivalents of a base having the appropriate cation.

The dialkyl alkoxycarbonylphosphonates and (alkylthio)carbonylphosphonates which are precursors to the compounds of this invention can be prepared by a variety of methods available in the literature, such as Nylen, Chem. Ber. 57, 1023 (1924), and Reetz et al., JACS 77, 3813 (1955). The method comprises treating an appropriate trialkyl phosphite with a chloroformate or thiolchloroformate.

The following Examples further illustrate the preparation of the compounds of this invention.

EXAMPLE 1

Into a stirred solution comprised of 14.8 parts of dimethyl methoxycarbonylphosphonate and 100 parts of methylene chloride at (-)5 - (+)5° C was added 30 parts of anhydrous hydrogen iodide. The reaction was then allowed to warm to room temperature whereupon it was stirred overnight. The bottom layer which formed was separated and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford 6.7 parts of methoxycarbonylphosphonic acid. The nmr spectrum (dmso-d₆) exhibited none of the P--O--CH₃ doublet, but retained the COOCH₃ signal. The ir showed the ##STR5## at 1700 cm⁻¹ and the P--O at 1100 cm⁻¹.

By replacing the dimethyl methoxycarbonylphosphonate of Example 1 with the appropriate dimethyl alkoxycarbonyl- or (alkylthio)carbonylphosphonate, the following compounds can be prepared. ##STR6##

R₅

Ch₂ ═chch₂ ch₂

ch₂ ═chch₂

ch₃ ch₂

(ch₃)₂ chch₂

ch₃ ch₂ ch₂ ch₂ ch₂ ch₂

c₆ h₅ ch₂

ch₃ ch₂ ch₂ ch₂ ch₂

example 2

to 50 parts of ammonium hydroxide containing a few pieces of ice was added with stirring 3 parts of methoxycarbonylphosphonic acid, the product of Example 1. The cooled solution was allowed to stir for 15 minutes and was then evaporated under reduced pressure to afford the desired diammonium methoxycarbonylphosphonate, m.p. 157° d.

By replacing the ammonium hydroxide of Example 2 with one or two equivalents of the appropriate base or by routine cation exchange procedures, the following salts could similarly be prepared:

    ______________________________________                                          ##STR7##                                                                      R.sub.5          R            M                                                ______________________________________                                         CH.sub.3         Na           H                                                CH.sub.3         Na           Na                                               CH.sub.3         NH.sub.4     H                                                CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                                                               Ca           Ca                                               CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                           Li           Li                                               CH.sub.3         1/2Mn        1/2Mn                                            CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                                      1/2Zn        1/2Zn                                            C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2                                                                        1/2Ba        1/2Ba                                            CH.sub.3         1/2Mg        1/2Mg                                            CH.sub.3         (CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH).sub.3 NH                                                             H                                                CH.sub.3         (CH.sub.3).sub.2 NH.sub.2                                                                   (CH.sub.3).sub.2 NH.sub.2                        CH.sub.3         (C.sub.12 H.sub.25)NH.sub.3                                                                 H                                                CH.sub.3         (CH.sub.3).sub.3 N(C.sub.12 H.sub.25)                                                       H                                                CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2                                                                              Na           Na                                               ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 3

A mixture of 15.0 parts of sodium iodide and 8.4 parts of dimethyl methoxycarbonylphosphanate on 20 parts of 2-butanone was heated to 60° for 1 hour. The mixture was cooled and filtered to provide 8.0 parts of the desired methyl sodium methoxycarbonylphosphonate, mp 183° d.

EXAMPLE 4 Ethyl Sodium Methoxycarbonylphosphonate

A solution of 5.9 parts of diethyl methoxycarbonylphosphonate and 4.5 parts of sodium iodide was stirred at room temperature in 50 parts of tetrahydrofuran for 60 hours. The resulting mixture was filtered to give 3.5 parts of the desired ethyl sodium methoxycarbonylphosphonate, m.p. 123° d.

In a similar manner, the following salts can be prepared from the dialkyl alkoxycarbonylphosphonates.

    __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR8##                                                                      R             R.sub.5        M   M.P., ° C.                             __________________________________________________________________________     C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2                                                                     CH.sub.3       Na  198-204                                       CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2                                                                           CH.sub.3       Na  >300                                          CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                          CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                                                             Na  248 d                                         CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                          CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                         Na  Wax                                           CH.sub.3      CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                         Na  13-8                                          CH.sub.3      (CH.sub.3).sub.2 CHCH.sub.2                                                                   Na  154-6                                         CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                                                            C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2                                                                      Na  >300                                          ClCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                                          CH.sub.3       Na  --                                             ##STR9##     CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                                                             Na  --                                             ##STR10##    CH.sub.3       Na  --                                            CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                        CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                                                             Na  --                                            FCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                                           CH.sub.3       Na  --                                            ICH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                                           CH.sub.3       Na  --                                            BrCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                                          CH.sub.3       Na  --                                            __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 5

Passage of an aqueous solution of ethyl sodium methoxycarbonylphosphonate through an appropriate acid ion exchange column gives ethyl hydrogen methoxycarbonylphosphonate.

In a similar manner, the following hydrogen phosphonates can be prepared from the appropriate salts.

    ______________________________________                                          ##STR11##                                                                     R                 R.sub.5                                                      ______________________________________                                         CH.sub.3          CH.sub.3                                                      ##STR12##        CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                            CH.sub.3          CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                            CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                              CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                             ##STR13##        CH.sub.3                                                     CH.sub.3          C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2                                     CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2                                                                               CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                            ClCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                                              CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                            CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                   ##STR14##        CH.sub.3                                                     CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                            CH.sub.3                                                     CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2                                     CH.sub.3          CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2        CH.sub.3          CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2                                           ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 6

Careful neutralization of an aqueous solution of methyl hydrogen methoxycarbonylphosphonate with one equivalent of ammonium hydroxide gives the methyl ammonium methoxycarbonylphosphonate.

In a similar manner, the following phosphonate salts can be prepared from the appropriate hydrogen phosphonate and the appropriate base.

    ______________________________________                                          ##STR15##                                                                     R              R.sub.5      M                                                  ______________________________________                                         CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                                                             CH.sub.3     K                                                   ##STR16##     CH.sub.3     Na                                                 (CH.sub.3).sub.2 CHCH.sub.2                                                                   CH.sub.3     Li                                                 CH.sub.3       CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                         1/2 Ba                                             ClCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                                           CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                                  NH.sub.4                                           CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                         CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2                                                                          (HOCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2).sub.3 NH                     CH.sub.3       C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2                                                                    (C.sub.12 H.sub.25)NH.sub.3                        C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2                                                                      CH.sub.3      K                                                 CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2                                                                            CH.sub.3      Na                                                ______________________________________                                    

Alternately, these salts can be prepared directly from the sodium salts by conventional ion exchange methods.

EXAMPLE 7

Using the procedure described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,033,891, the following sodium salts can be prepared.

    ______________________________________                                          ##STR17##                                                                                                M.P.,                                               R              R.sub.5          M     ° C.                              ______________________________________                                         CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2                                                                            CH.sub.3         Na    157°                              CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                           CH.sub.3         Na    Wax                                      C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2                                                                      CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                                                               Na    --                                       CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                         CH.sub.3         Na    --                                       CH.sub.3       CH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5                                                                        Na    --                                       CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                                                             CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2                                                                              Na    --                                       (CH.sub.3).sub.2 CHCH.sub.2                                                                   CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                    Na.sub.2                                                                             --                                       ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 8 Ethyl Hydrogen (Methylthio)carbonylphosphonate

Passage of an aqueous solution of ethyl sodium (methylthio)carbonylphosphonate prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,033,891 through an appropriate acid ion exchange resin gives ethyl hydrogen (methylthio)carbonylphosphonate.

In a similar manner, the following hydrogen phosphonates can be prepared from the appropriate salts.

    ______________________________________                                          ##STR18##                                                                     R                R.sub.5                                                       ______________________________________                                         CH.sub.3         CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                           CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                             CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                             CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2                                                                              CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2         CH.sub.3 CHCHCH.sub.2                                                                           CH.sub.3                                                      CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                                     CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                             CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                                                               CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2                                            C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2                                                                        CH.sub.3                                                      ClCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                                             CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                             ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 9 Methyl potassium (benzylthio)carbonylphosphonate

Careful neutralization of an aqueous solution of methyl hydrogen (benzylthio)carbonylphosphonate with one equivalent of potassium hydroxide gives methyl potassium (benzylthio)carbonylphosphonate.

In a similar manner, the following salts can be prepared from the appropriate hydrogen phosphonate and the appropriate base.

    ______________________________________                                          ##STR19##                                                                     R              R.sub.5     M                                                   ______________________________________                                         CH.sub.3       CH.sub.3    K                                                   CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                                                             CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2                                                                         NH.sub.4                                            (CH.sub.3).sub.2 CHCH.sub.2                                                                   CH.sub.3    (HOCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2).sub.3 NH                      C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2                                                                      CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                                                          1/2 Mn                                              ClCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                                           CH.sub.3    Li                                                  CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                         CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                                                          1/2 Ba                                              CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2                                                                            CH.sub.3    (CH.sub.3).sub.3 NH                                 ______________________________________                                    

Alternately, these compounds can be prepared by conventional ion exchange methods directly from the sodium salts.

EXAMPLE 10 Ethyl sodium (methylthio)thiocarbonylphosphonate

To a solution of 2.3 parts of diethyl (methylthio)thiocarbonylphosphonate in 50 parts of dry tetrahydrofuran was added 1.5 parts of sodium iodide. The solution was stirred for 18 hours at room temperature, then warmed on a steam bath for one-half hour. The desired orange ethyl sodium (methylthio)thiocarbonylphosphonate was then filtered, m.p. 288° d.

EXAMPLE 11 Ethyl hydrogen (methylthio)thiocarbonylphosphonate

Passage of an aqueous solution of ethyl sodium (methylthio)thiocarbonylphosphonate through an appropriate acid ion exchange column gives ethyl hydrogen (methylthio)thiocarbonylphosphonate.

In a similar manner by use of the appropriate phosphonate salt, the following compounds can be prepared.

    ______________________________________                                          ##STR20##                                                                     R                    R.sub.5                                                   ______________________________________                                         CH.sub.3             CH.sub.3                                                  CH.sub.3             CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                       CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2    CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2                                        CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2    C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2                                  CH.sub.3                                                                                             ##STR21##                                                CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                                 CH.sub.3                                                  CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2   CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                         C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2                                                                            CH.sub.3                                                  ClCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2  CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                 ##STR22##           CH.sub.3                                                  ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 12 Methyl barium (methylthio)thiocarbonylphosphonate

Careful neutralization of methyl hydrogen (methylthio)thiocarbonylphosphonate with one-half equivalent of barium carbonate gives methyl barium (methylthio)thiocarbonylphosphonate.

In a similar manner, the following phosphonate salts can be prepared from the appropriate hydrogen phosphonate and the appropriate base.

    __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR23##                                                                     R             R.sub.5   M                                                      __________________________________________________________________________     (CH.sub.3).sub.2 CHCH.sub.2                                                                  CH.sub.3  NH.sub.4                                               CH.sub.3      CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                                                        K                                                      CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2                                                                           CH.sub.3  (C.sub.12 H.sub.25)NH.sub.3                            CH.sub.3      CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                                      1/2Zn                                                  CH.sub.3      (CH.sub.3).sub.2 CHCH.sub.2                                                              (HOCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2).sub.3 NH                         CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                                                            C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2                                                                 1/2Mg                                                  C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2                                                                     CH.sub.3  Li                                                     CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2                                        CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2                                                                        K                                                      __________________________________________________________________________

Alternately, these salts can be prepared directly from the sodium salts by conventional ion exchange methods.

The compounds and salts of the invention are useful for modifying the growth of plants. The compounds and salts of this invention are particularly useful for preventing bud break and retarding the growth of woody plants. Thus, the compounds and salts of this invention can be applied in areas such as power line rights-of-way where low-growing and slow-growing vegetation is especially desirable.

In addition to their value as plant growth retardants, the compounds and salts of this invention can also be used to control flowering, fruit set, and coloration on apples and other fruits. They are useful in controlling the growth of viney plants such as morningglory and Black Valentine bean, and grasses such as crabgrass, barnyardgrass, and corn.

The compounds and salts of this invention can also be used to prolong the dormancy of perennial plants and thereby protect the unsprouted buds from frost damage. This can be especially important in the protection of flower buds, which in some years may sprout early and be killed by cold temperatures. Application to plants in the stage where next year's buds are being initiated or are developing gives marked retardation of bud break the following spring and greatly reduced growth.

To illustrate the growth retardant activity of the compounds and salts of this case, the following data are presented.

In one test, the test compounds were applied in a solvent with a wetting agent and a humectant to cotton plants (five-leaf stage including cotyledons), bush bean (second trifoliate leaf expanding), morning glory (four-leaf stage including cotyledons), cockebur (Xanthium sp., four-leaf stage including cotyledons), Cassia tora (three leaves including cotyledons), nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus, three- to five-leaf stage), crabgrass (Digitaria sp., two-leaf stage), barnyard grass (Echinochloa sp., two-leaf stage), wild oats (Avena fatua, one-leaf stage), wheat (two-leaf stage), corn (three-leaf stage), soybean (two cotyledons), rice (two-leaf stage), and sorghum (three-leaf stage).

Treated plants and controls were maintained in a greenhouse for 16 days; then all species were compared with controls and visually rated for response to treatment.

      POST EMERGENCE Compound Kg/Ha Bush Bean Cotton Morning Glory Cocklebur      Cassia Nutsedge Crabgrass Barnyard Grass Wild Oats Wheat Corn Soybean      Rice Sorghum       ##STR24##       2 8G2H6F 8G 9C 7G2C 6G 0 0 7G2C 0 0 7G2U 6G 0 6G1C       ##STR25##       2 8G1C6Y 8G2H 6G 6G3C 0 3G 7G2C 0 2G 7G2U 5G1C 0 7G2U       ##STR26##       2 8G5I6Y 8G2H 8G2H 0 4G 0 0 4G 0 0 7G2U 6G 0 1C       ##STR27##       2 9C10D 7G3C 8C 2G 3G 0 4G 7G2C 4G2C 4G 7G1C 3G 0 6G1C       ##STR28##       2 9C10D 5G 7G2C 0 2G 0 2G 8G 3G 3G 5G1C 5G 0 5G1C       ##STR29##       2 2C5D 8G 10C 2G 0 0 2G 0 0 0 6G2C 0 0 0       ##STR30##       2 3C 4G 6G1C 0 0 0 3G 0 0 0 6G1C 0 0 0       ##STR31##       2 2C 4G 4G 3G 0 0 0 0 0 0 2G 0 0 0       ##STR32##       2 5G1G 5G 3G 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5G1C 0 0 0       ##STR33##       2 9D 5G1C 5G 0 0 0 0 2C 0 0 5G1C 0 0 0       ##STR34##       2 8G4C 6Y 9G 6C 1H 2G 0 2G 8C 1H 2G 8G1C 9P 2G 7G2C

In another test, the test compounds were applied in a similar solvent to pots of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Black Valentine), apple (Malus sp.), and willow (Salix sp.). The plants were maintained in a greenhouse, and plant response ratings were taken after application as indicated.

    __________________________________________________________________________                      Black                                                                          Valentine                                                                      Bean     Apple    Willow                                                   Rate,                                                                              One  Four                                                                               One Four One Four                                                 kg/ha                                                                              Week Weeks                                                                              Week                                                                               Weeks                                                                               Week                                                                               Weeks                                   __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR35##   1 4 9G2H 10G                                                                            8G 8G                                                                              0 0 0 0  3G 9G5X                                                                             -- 5G3X                                 ##STR36##   1 4 8G 10G10P 2C                                                                        7G 8G                                                                              6G 0                                                                               2G 0 2G 8G5X                                                                            0 2G2X                                   ##STR37##   1 4 5G10P 9G10P                                                                         7G 9G5C                                                                            0 0 9G1C 10G                                                                            6G 10G                                                                             3G5X  9G5X                               ##STR38##   1 4 2G 8G10P                                                                            4G 9G                                                                              0 0 4G 6G                                                                               0 9G                                                                               0 9G3X                                   ##STR39##   1 4 9G10P 8G10P                                                                         10D 10G                                                                            0 0 6G 10G2C                                                                            6G 10G                                                                             8G5X 9G                                  ##STR40##   1 4 6G 8G10P                                                                            8G3X 10D                                                                           0 1H                                                                               0 10G2H                                                                             5G 9G                                                                              6G5X 9G3X                               __________________________________________________________________________

The plant response ratings above are composed of a number and a letter. The number describes the extent of the response and ranges from zero to ten, with zero representing no response and ten representing 100% response. As for the letters, "G" represents growth retardation, "P" represents terminal bud kill, "H" represents hormonal effects, "C" represents chlorosis, "U" represents unusual pigmentation, "I" represents increased chlorophyll, "D" represents defoliation, "X" represents axillary stimulation, "6Y"* represents abscised buds or flowers, "7Y"* represents a decreased number of buds or flowers, and "6F"* represents delayed flowering.

The term "plant growth retardant" as used in this disclosure is to be understood to mean an agent which, when applied to a plant or its environs, will slow the growth of the plant. This also includes a delaying response on bud sprouting or prolonging of the dormancy period.

The compounds and salts of this invention can be applied as foliar sprays or as soil applications to retard the growth rate of such plants or to affect flowering and fruit set.

Preferably, the compounds and salts of this invention are applied as foliar or dormant wood sprays to the point of runoff, although lower-volume application can also be effective.

The compounds and salts of the invention are very versatile and may be applied at one of many different time periods to suit the convenience of the applicator. For example, they may be applied in spring a short time prior to the period when maximum plant growth is anticipated, to effect growth retardation; they may be applied later in the growing season, just after trimming, to effect growth retardation; or they may be applied when the year's growth has ceased (later summer, fall, or winter) with the result that treated plants will remain dormant the following spring; whereas untreated plants will sprout and grow. If flowering and fruit set are to be modified, the treatment is applied before, during, or shortly after flowering.

It will be recognized that the application rate is dependent upon the species to be treated and the results desired. In general, rates of from 0.25 to 20 kilograms per hectare are used, although higher or lower rates can achieve the desired effect in some instances.

Useful formulations of the compounds and salts of this invention can be prepared in conventional ways. They include dusts, granules, pellets, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, wetting powders, emulsifiable concentrates, and the like. Many of these may be applied directly. Sprayable formulations can be extended in suitable media and used at spray volumes of from a few pints to several hundred gallons per acre. High-strength compositions are primarily used as intermediates for further formulation. The formulations, broadly, contain about 1% to 99% by weight of active ingredient(s) and at least one of (a) about 0.1% to 20% surfactant(s) and (b) about 5% to 99% solid or liquid diluent(s). More specifically, they will contain these ingredients in the following approximate proportions:

    ______________________________________                                                      Percent by weight                                                              Active                                                                         Ingre-  Dilu-     Surfac-                                                      dient   ent(s)    tant(s)                                         ______________________________________                                         Wettable Powders                                                                              20-90      0-74     1-10                                        Oil Suspensions                                                                and Emulsions   5-50     40-95     0-15                                        Aqueous Solutions                                                                             10-50     50-90     0-20                                        Dusts           1-25     70-99     0-5                                         Granules and Pellets                                                                           1-95      5-99     0-15                                        High-strength                                                                  Compositions   90-99      0-10     0-2                                         ______________________________________                                    

Lower or higher levels of active ingredient can, of course, be present, depending on the intended use and the physical properties of the compound. Higher ratios of surfactant to active ingredient are sometimes desirable and are achieved by incorporation into the formulation or by tank-mixing. Likewise, high levels of oils or humectants can be incorporated, either in the formulation or by tank-mixing.

Typical solid diluents are described in Watkins et al., "Handbook of Insecticide Dust Diluents and Carriers," 2nd Ed., Dorland Books, Caldwell, N.J. The more absorptive diluents are preferred for wettable powders and the denser ones for dusts. Typical liquid diluents and solvents are described in Marsden, "Solvents Guide," 2nd Ed., Interscience, N.Y., 1950. Solubility under 0.1% is preferred for suspension concentrates; solution concentrates are preferably stable against phase separation at 0° C. "McCutcheon's Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual", Allured Publ. Corp., Ridgewood, N.J., as well as Sisely and Wood, "Encyclopedia of Surface Active Agents", Chemical Publ. Co., Inc., N.Y., 1964, list surfactants and recommended uses. All formulations can contain minor amounts of additives to reduce foam, caking, corrosion, microbiological growth, etc. Preferably, ingredients should be approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the use intended.

The methods of making such compositions are well known. Solutions are prepared by simply mixing the ingredients. Fine, solid compositions are made by blending and, usually, grinding, as in a hammer or fluid energy mill. Suspensions are prepared by wet-milling (see, for example, Littler, U.S. Pat. No. 3,060,084). Granules and pellets may be made by spraying the active material upon preformed granular carriers or by agglomeration techniques. See J. E. Browning, "Agglomeration", Chemical Engineering, Dec. 4, 1967, pp. 147 ff. and "Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook", 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1963, pp. 8-59 ff.

For further information regarding the art of formulation, see, for example:

H. m. loux, U.S. Pat. No. 3,235,361, Feb. 15, 1966, Col. 6, line 16 through Col. 7, line 19, and Examples 10 through 41

W. p. langsdorf, U.S. Pat. No. 3,627,507, Dec. 14, 1971, Col. 8, line 1, through Col. 11, line 12, and Examples 60-65

G. c. klingman, "Weed Control as a Science", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N.Y., 1961, pp. 81-96

J. d. fryer and S. A. Evans, "Weed Control Handbook", 5th Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1968, pp. 101-103

The following Examples further illustrate the formulation and application of the compounds of this invention.

EXAMPLE 13

    ______________________________________                                          Water-soluble Powder                                                          ______________________________________                                         diammonium methoxycarbonylphosphonate                                                                    95.0%                                                dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate                                                                            0.5%                                                 sodium ligninsulfonate    1.0%                                                 synthetic fine silica     3.5%                                                 ______________________________________                                    

The ingredients are blended and coarsely ground in a hammer mill so that only a small percent of the active exceeds 250 microns (U.S.S. #60 sieve) in size. When added to water with stirring, the coarse powder initially disperses and then the active ingredient dissolves so that no further stirring is needed during application.

Ten kilograms of this formulation are dissolved in 800 liters of water containing 0.5% of a nonphytotoxic wetting agent. This formulation is sprayed from a helicopter to a one-hectare area under an electric power line in which the brush and trees have been freshly trimmed. This treatment retards the growth of black willow (Salix nigra), black cherry (Prunus serotina), and many other woody species.

The following can be formulated and applied in a similar manner with similar results.

ethyl sodium methoxycarbonylphosphonate

methyl sodium methoxycarbonylphosphonate

methyl sodium ethoxycarbonylphosphonate

ethyl sodium ethoxycarbonylphosphonate

ethyl sodium (methylthio)carbonylphosphonate

methyl sodium (ethylthio)carbonylphosphonate

EXAMPLE 14

    ______________________________________                                          Wettable Powder                                                               ______________________________________                                         diammonium methoxycarbonylphosphonate                                                                    40%                                                  dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate                                                                            1.5%                                                 sodium ligninsulfonate    3%                                                   low viscosity methyl celluose                                                                            1.5%                                                 attapulgite               54%                                                  ______________________________________                                    

The ingredients are thoroughly blended, passed through an air mill, to produce an average particle size under 15 microns, reblended, and sifted through a U.S.S. No. 50 sieve (0.3 mm opening) before packaging.

All solid compounds of the invention may be formulated in the same manner.

Fifteen kilograms of this formulation are mixed with 600 liters of water in a sprayer fitted with an agitator. The mixture is sprayed on a one hectare area of newly trimmed hedgerow in the spring after the leaves have expanded. (The spray may be either directly on the plants or to the locus of the plants.) This treatment greatly reduces the growth of plants growing in the hedgerow but does not seriously injure them. Thus, the hedgerow is kept neat with a minimum of labor expended for trimming it.

EXAMPLE 15

    ______________________________________                                          Solution                                                                      ______________________________________                                         methoxycarbonylphosphonic acid                                                                          20.0%                                                 octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol                                                                            0.5%                                                 water                    79.5%                                                 ______________________________________                                    

The ingredients are combined and stirred to produce a solution which can be applied directly or after dilution with additional water. All sufficiently soluble compounds of the invention may be formulated in similar fashion.

Fifteen liters of this solution are mixed with 200 liters of water and sprayed in late Summer on a one hectare area of woody plants growing on a power line right-of-way. The treated plants continue to appear like untreated plants. However, the following year the treated plants remain dormant for an extremely long period of time, whereas untreated ones sprout and grow normally. Thus the treatment greatly reduces the amount of labor required to maintain the plants at a desirable height. 

I claim:
 1. A method of retarding plant growth in woody plants consisting essentially of applying to the plant an effective amount of ##STR41## wherein R is M; alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, optionally substituted with a chlorine, bromine, fluorine, or iodine; alkenyl of 3 to 8 carbon atoms; or ##STR42## wherein A is chlorine or methyl,B is chlorine or methyl, n is 0 or 1, and m is 0 or 1; R₅ is alkyl of 1 - 6 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 3 to 4 carbon atoms, or benzyl; X is oxygen or sulfur; and Y is oxygen or sulfur, provided that when Y is sulfur, X is sulfur; and when X is sulfur, R is not hydrogen; and at least one of X and Y is sulfur; M is hydrogen, sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, barium, or ##STR43## wherein R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or hydroxyalkyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms;R₂ is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or hydroxyalkyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms; R₃ is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or hydroxyalkyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms; and R₄ is hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 12 carbon atoms, provided that the total number of carbon atoms in R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ is less than
 16. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or benzyl; R₅ is alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and M is hydrogen, sodium, potassium or ammonium.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein X and Y are both S.
 4. The method of claim 2 wherein X is oxygen and Y is S.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the compound is methyl sodium (methylthio)carbonylphosphonate. 